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The Changing Hydrologic Characteristics of the Barents Sea, Home of the Russian Northern Fleet

Bruce encountered some issue while attempting to post this, so I am posting it for him:

The loss of sea ice in the Barents Sea has changed the hydrologic characteristics of that ocean area where Russian Northern Fleet submarines conduct extensive training exercises and through which they transit when deploying south into the Norwegian Sea and the open Atlantic.

No longer does the Barents Sea have a truly arctic character. Once a mixed body of ice-melt fresh water and salt water intrusions from the Atlantic, it is becoming a salt water extension of the Atlantic.

Thermal layering/reflections and long range acoustic propagation characteristics that affect the performance of passive acoustic sensors are changing and will continue to do so.

Truly Arctic conditions are now found in the Kara Sea east of Novaya Zemlya and the Laptev Sea even further east.

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